Italy : public and bank holidays, closure of banks, stock exchanges, school vacations

Catholic : Dogma that Mary was from the first moment of conception, totally free from the stain of original sin. Paid holiday when falling on Saturday or Sunday

Catholic or protestant : Since pre-historic times in Europe, festivities (bonfires, offrerings) were marking the beginning of longer hours of daylight with fires and ritual. The Roman festival of Saturnalia lasted several days in December (gambling and offerings). Germanic tribes also celebrated mid-winter (drinking and rituals). The Bulgarian (with Koleduvane) and the Polish (with Gwiazdka) perpetuate this tradition. Jesus of Nazareth was probably born in springtime (Reformists favour autumn). But in the 4th century, December 25th was chosen for the celebration of his birth by Pope Julius I (Bishop Liberus is also mentioned in 354 A.D.). Thus, a Christian element was introduced in the long-established mid-winter festivals. Before 1582, the Papal States and other Italian city states celebrated New Year’s Day on Christmas Day.

Catholic or protestant : Remembrance of St Stephen, the first Christian martyr.

Culture : Szilveszter

Secular holiday : The world's most widely celebrated holiday, New Years was set on January 1 by Julius Caesar because that was the date the Roman consuls took over their duties. Paid holiday when falling on Saturday or Sunday

School holidays : Www.comuni-italiani.it calendars gazetted by the respective Departments of Education
Each region carries its own specific set of holidays, please scroll on the concerned region

School day duration: 5:00 to 6:00 hours Schools may open on Saturday
Average class size: more than 21
School uniform (grembiule) required in some schools
all study programs are aligned with the requirements of the Bologna Process
PISA ranking (average 493): 481
Schooling is mandatory till age 16
number of instructional hours per year in lower secondary education: 600 hours
Schools may open on Saturday
2022 PISA ranking: #29 with a 477 score
Sapienza University of Rome ranking: Times Higher Education #251-300/QS ranking #251/Shanghai #151-200

We carry confirmed dates till 2024

Please note that authorities may take last-minute decisions
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Catholic or protestant : The term comes from ancient Greek and means appearance . Celebrated on the 6th January, this feast corresponds to the presentation of Child Jesus to the Magi. This is the day of Jesus' first miracle, the Wedding in Cana , and the day of his own baptism Paid holiday when falling on Saturday or Sunday

Culture : Italy’s distinctive flag, made of equal vertical banners of green, white, and red was just formally adopted in 1946, although variations of the theme had been used for centuries. The symbolism is pure: the green represents hope; the white, faith; and the red, charity.

Culture : Https://www.rai.it/programmi/sanremo/ 2024 edition confirmed

cards/flowers : Introduced by Pope Gelasus in 498, perhaps in response to a local Roman tradition of lovers writing their names on an urn in February

cards/flowers :

Culture : Not a paid holiday

cards/flowers :

Catholic or protestant : Paid holiday

Special Events : At 1:00 am local times

cards/flowers : As the story goes, in 1564, France was one of the first nations to make January 1 officially New Year's Day, instead of the last week of March which was previously observed. In 1582, the Pope followed suit. Those who went on celebrating April 1st were mocked. As the zodiacal sign was the fish, The French placed dead fish on the backs of one another. Traditions vary from country to country.

Catholic or protestant : In the year 325, the Council of Nicée determined a date fo Easter. Full Moon would fall the 14th day of a moon month (1). Easter would be marked by the dominical letter(2)and the epactus(3). With the establishment of the equinox ne variatur on March 21, algorithms where elaborated to attribuate a date for Easter whatever the year.
Time between two consecutive new moons: 20 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.8 - Gives a letter code for the year's calendar Age of the moon on January 1st, minus one unity, 0 being the new moon's age.

Secular holiday : Commemmorates the end of World War I on 11th November 1918. The armistice was signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front, which took effect at eleven o'clock in the morning - the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.

Secular holiday : Chicago, Saturday May 1st, 1886: 350,000 workers go on strike to call for an 8-hour working day. Industries are paralyzed nationwide. On Monday, as demonstrations go on, the police open fire. On Tuesday, Chicago is again on strike. Following a bomb launched against them, the police shoot again. 12 dead, of which 7 policemen. 8 anarchists will be condemned and executed. In 1889, the Socialist International Movement met in Paris and declared this day international workers' day . The Soviets will follow suit, just as the Nazis. In France, under the Vichy regime (1940-1944), the celebration is renamed Labour Day .

Sports events : Www.cyclingnews.com cycling race - lasts 3 weeks 2024 edition confirmed

cards/flowers : Probably linked with a celebration in England in the 1600s ( Mothering Sunday ). Honored all mothers in England. Mothering Sunday gave poor servants who lived and worked for the wealthy a day off to actually go home and dedicate time to their mothers. Mothering Cake , a special cake, was common for the celebration.

Secular holiday : Commemorates the referendum on monarchy (June 2, 1946), that resulted in the establishment of the Italian republic, and the adoption of a new constitution in 1948. Paid holiday when falling on Saturday or Sunday

Special Events :